What is Microprocessor

When we talk about processor, it's maybe make some computer users confuse, but if we say  CPU(central processing unit), they will be known immediately what it is.The processor or CPU are the same which is contained on a single chip called the microprocessor. The microprocessor is the “brains” of the computer system. It has two basic components: the control unit and the arithmetic-logic unit.

• Control unit: The control unit tells the rest of the computer system how to carry out a program’s instructions. It directs the movement of electronic signals between memory, which temporarily holds data, instructions, and processed information, and the arithmetic-logic unit. It also directs these control signals between the CPU and input and output devices.
• Arithmetic-logic unit: The arithmetic-logic unit, usually called the ALU, performs two types of operations: arithmetic and logical. Arithmetic operations are, as you might expect, the fundamental math operations: addition(+), subtraction(-), multiplication(*), and division(/). Logical operations consist of comparisons. That is, two pieces of data are compared to see whether one is equal to ( = ), less than (<), or greater than (>) the other.

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What is system board or motherboard

  When we talk about computer board, I believe that the the most computer users used to heard main board or motherboard but rarely to hear system board. but these three words in computer hardware are the same. System Board controls communications for the entire computer system. Every component within the system unit connects to the system board. All external devices including the keyboard, mouse, and monitor connect to the system board. It acts as a data path and traffic monitor, allowing the various components to communicate efficiently with one another. The most desktop computer, the system board is typically located at the bottom of the system unit or along one side. It is a large flat circuit board covered with a variety of different electronic components including sockets, slots, and bus lines.

•  Sockets provide a connection point for small specialized electronic parts called chips. Chips consist of tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of sandlike material called silicon.These circuit boards can be smaller than the tip of your finger.A chip is also called a silicon chip,
  semiconductor, or integrated circuit. Chips are mounted on carrier packages.These packages either plug directly into sockets on the system board or onto cards that are then plugged into slots on the system board. Sockets are used to connect the system board to a variety of different types of chips, including microprocessor and memory chips.
   
   
•  Slots provide a connection point for specialized cards or circuit boards. These cards provide expansion capability for a computer system. For example, a wireless networking card plugs into a slot on the system board to provide a connection to a local area network.
• Bus Lines  provide pathways that support communication among the various electronic components that are either located on the system board or attached to the system board.

 

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Five parts of information system

When you think about microcomputer(computer laptop, computer desktop, handheld, media center system unit, ), you always think that just a special assistant device can help you to produce many tasks such as document, entertainment, communicate by using monitor to view or can input by keyboard, but you rarely think of that microcomputer is as part of an information system. An Information System has five parts are people, procedures, software, hardware and data. but in some document there are six parts included another one is connectivity.

 

1. People: is very important part in information system which work as two roles. One is creator or developer and another one is end-user. As you know when the requirement to use one system(Library System Management) occur, you will need the creator or developer to make for user, so this role act as creator or developer. Otherwise, The people who use the completed system which can operate follow their need called "end-user".
2. Procedure: The rules or guidelines for people to follow when using software,hardware, and data. These procedures are typically documented in manuals written by computer specialists.
3. Hardware: refer to all equipments that processes the data to create information includes the keyboard, mouse, monitor, system unit, and other devices. Hardware is controlled by software.
4. Software: refer to program consists of the step-by-step instructions that tell the computer how to do its work. we can say that it's an another name of a program. The purpose of software is to convert data (unprocessed facts) into information (processed facts). For example, College survey program will convert all data which survey to let user know how many students will choose Computer Science, English, Business college when they continue at universe.
5. Data: refer to raw, unprocessed facts, including text, numbers, images, and sounds.

      Almost all of today’s computer systems add an additional part to the information system. This part, called connectivity , typically uses the Internet and allows users to greatly expand the capability and usefulness of their information systems.

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Hardware components of computer

I believe that most​​computer users will have doubts about whether a computer consist of  what elements can make it work. what the function of each element? what can we do on those hardware when our computer has problem?

Hardware for a microcomputer system consists of a variety of different devices. This physical equipment falls into four basic categories: system unit, input/output, secondary storage, and communication. Because we discuss hardware in detail later, here we will present just a quick overview of the four basic categories. 

• System unit: The system unit is a container that houses most of the electronic components that make up a computer system. Two important components of the system unit are the microprocessor and memory. The microprocessor controls and manipulates data to produce information. Memory is a holding area for data, instructions, and information. One type, random-access memory ( RAM ), holds the program and data that is currently being processed. This type of memory is sometimes referred to as temporary storage because its contents will typically be lost if the electrical power to the computer is disrupted.

• Input/output: Input devices translate data and programs that humans can understand into a form that the computer can process. The most common input devices are the keyboard and the mouse . Output devices translate the processed information from the computer into a form that humans can understand. The most common output devices are monitors and printers .

• Secondary storage: Unlike memory, secondary storage holds data and programs even after electrical power to the computer system has been turned off. The most important kinds of secondary media are hard disks, solid-state storage, and optical disks. Hard disks are typically used to store programs and very large data files. Using rigid metallic platters and read/write heads that move across the platters, data and information are stored using magnetic charges of the disk’s surface. In contrast, solid-state storage does not have any moving parts, is more reliable, and requires less power. It saves data and information electronically similar to RAM except that it is not volatile. Three types are solid-state drives (SSDs) that are used much the same way as an internal hard disk, flash memory cards that are widely used in portable devices, and USB drives that are a widely used compact storage medium for transporting data and information between computers and a variety of specialty devices. Optical discs use laser technology and have the greatest capacity.Three types of optical discs are compact discs (CDs) , digital versatile (or video ) discs (DVDs) , and high-definition (hi def) discs .

• Communication: At one time, it was uncommon for a microcomputer system to communicate with other computer systems. Now, using communication devices , a microcomputer can communicate with other computer systems located as near as the next office or as far away as halfway around the world using the Internet. The most widely used communication device is a modem , which modifies telephone communications into a form that can be processed by a computer. Modems also modify computer output into a form that can be transmitted across standard telephone lines.

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Types of Microcomputer

As you know in the last content, microcomputers are small, relatively inexpensive and least powerful, yet the most widely used. Microcomputers has microprocessor as its central processing unit(CPU).  It includes a microprocessor, memory, and input/output (I/O) facilities. Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 80s with the advent of increasingly powerful microprocessors. There are six types of microcomputer:

• ——Desktop computers are small enough to fit on top of or alongside a desk, yet are too big to carry aroundare small enough to fit on top of or alongside a desk, yet are too big to carry around

• —Media center system units blur the line between desktop computers and dedicated entertainment devices 

• Notebook computers, also known as laptop computers, are portable, lightweight, and fit into most briefcases

• —Netbooks : Similar to notebook computers, but …
        - —Smaller
        - —Lighter ff
        - —Less expensive  

• Tablet PC
• —In addition to a keyboard, a tablet PC allows you to enter data, write notes, and select commands using a pen stylus 
• —Handwritten data is digitized and converted to standard text that can be further processed by a word processor

• Handheld
• —Handheld or palm computers, such as Personal digital assistants (PDAs) and smartphones, are amongst the smallest computing devices
• These systems typically
  combine
• pen input
• writing recognition
• personal organizational tools
• communications capabilities
• Smartphones are cell phoneswith wireless connections tothe Internet

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Types of Computer

The most computer users normally know only 2 types of computer are laptop and desktop computers which are familiar for them using daily. But There are a few another computers that normal users don't know and never use them. The desktop and laptop computers are only in one  main type of computer types. So in order to avoid confuse later, we will show all four main types of computer as following:   

• Supercomputers are the most powerful type of computer. These machines are special high-capacity computers used by very large organizations. IBM’s Blue Gene is one of the fastest computers in the world.

• Mainframe computers occupy specially wired, air-conditioned rooms. Although not nearly as powerful as supercomputers, mainframe computers are capable of great processing speeds and data storage. For example, insurance companies use mainframes to process information about millions of policyholders.

• Minicomputers , also known as midrange computers , are refrigeratorsized machines. Medium-sized companies or departments of large companies typically use them for specific purposes. For example, production departments use minicomputers to monitor certain manufacturing process and assembly-line operation.

• Microcomputers are the least powerful, yet the most widely used and fastest-growing type of computer. There are six types of microcomputers: desktop, media center, notebook, tablet PC, netbook, and handheld computers. 

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